Friday, November 14, 2014

DC Circuit Upholds ACA Contraceptive Compromise For Religious Non-Profits

The U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit today upheld the Obama administration's accommodation for religious non-profits that object to directly furnishing contraceptive coverage in their health insurance plans as required by regulations under the Affordable Care Act.  In Priests for LIfe v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, (DC Cir., Nov. 14, 2014), the unanimous 3-judge panel in an 86-page opinion written by Judge Cornelia Pillard said in part:
The regulatory opt out works simply: A religious organization that objects on religious grounds to including coverage for contraception in its health plan may so inform either the entity that issues or administers its group health plan or the Department of Health and Human Services. Delivery of the requisite notice extinguishes the religious organization’s obligation to contract, arrange, pay, or refer for any coverage that includes contraception. The regulations then require group health plan insurers or administrators to offer separate coverage for contraceptive services directly to insured women who want them, and to inform beneficiaries that the objecting employer has no role in facilitating that coverage....
We conclude that the challenged regulations do not impose a substantial burden on Plaintiffs’ religious exercise under RFRA. All Plaintiffs must do to opt out is express what they believe and seek what they want via a letter or two page form. That bit of paperwork is more straightforward and minimal than many that are staples of nonprofit organizations’ compliance with law in the modern administrative state. Religious nonprofits that opt out are excused from playing any role in the provision of contraceptive services, and they remain free to condemn contraception in the clearest terms. The ACA shifts to health insurers and administrators the obligation to pay for and provide contraceptive coverage for insured persons who would otherwise lose it as a result of the religious accommodation.
Even if, as Plaintiffs aver, we must take as dispositive their conviction that the accommodation involves them in providing contraception in a manner that substantially burdens their religious exercise, we would sustain the challenged regulations. A confluence of compelling interests supports maintaining seamless application of contraceptive coverage to insured individuals even as Plaintiffs are excused from providing it. That coverage offers adults and children the benefits of planning for healthy births and avoiding unwanted pregnancy, and it promotes preventive care that is as responsive to women’s health needs as it is to men’s. The accommodation requires as little as it can from the objectors while still serving the government’s compelling interests. Because the regulatory opt-out mechanism is the least restrictive means to serve compelling governmental interests, it is fully consistent with Plaintiffs’ rights under RFRA. We also find no merit in Plaintiffs’ additional claims under the Constitution and the Administrative Procedure Act.
Christian Science Monitor reports on the decision.

Court Will Not Decide Validity of Vote In Challenge By Excommunicated Members of Buddhist Temple

In Matter of Ming Tung v China Buddhist Association, (NY App., Nov. 13, 2013), a New York state intermediate appeals court, in a 4-1 decision, refused to order a Buddhist Temple to hold a membership meeting with a receiver determining those eligible to vote. The dissent described the facts as follows:
Respondent Mew Fung Chen (Master Chen) excommunicated not only the three petitioners but a total of 517 members, representing all the congregants of the Manhattan chapter of the CBA and a majority of the CBA's members, 10 days before the special meeting called by the two unauthorized trustees appointed by Master Chen. Thus, he deprived the Manhattan congregants of their right to vote on the agenda of the meeting which, in effect, resulted in the transfer of control of all properties and assets of the CBA to Master Chen. Only 110 members of the Queens faction of the CBA, all supporters of Master Chen, were given notice of the special meeting. 
The majority held, however:
At first blush the petition appears to present a straightforward issue of corporate governance, specifically whether various corporate actions, including a meeting held in May 2011, were improperly taken, thereby depriving petitioners of their right to participate in those events.... We hold, however, that because petitioners are not members of the CBA based upon Master Chen's excommunication of them, they cannot challenge these corporate actions.... Petitioners contend that their excommunication was completely motivated by Master Chen's desire to squelch the simmering underlying dispute over ownership of real property in Manhattan and Queens where the CBA owns temples. Even where the parties' dispute concerns control of church property, the court will not intervene in matters that are predominantly religious disagreements...
Reuters reports on the decision.

Suit Challenges Vote Counting On Tennessee Pro-Life Amendment

Tennessee voters this month voted on a proposed state constitutional amendment providing:
Nothing in this Constitution secures or protects a right to abortion or requires the funding of an abortion. The people retain the right through their elected state representatives and state senators to enact, amend, or repeal statutes regarding abortion, including, but not limited to, circumstances of pregnancy resulting from rape or incest or when necessary to save the life of the mother.
In preliminary results, state election officials reported that the measure passed 728,751 in favor and 656,427 opposed.  However, the Memphis Flyer reports that in an attempt to prevent the measure from taking effect, a group of pro-choice voters have filed suit in federal district court challenging the state's vote-counting procedure.

Tennessee Constitution, Art. XI, Sec. 3, provides that amendments need to be approved "by a majority of all the citizens of the state voting for governor, voting in their favor."  Plaintiffs claim that this is more than a requirement for a certain number of total votes.  They say election officials must actually match ballots and count only votes from voters who also voted for Governor. Supporters of the ballot measure this year had urged their backers to vote for the Amendment, but not vote for governor, in order to magnify the effect of their vote.  Apparently many did this because some 32,500 more votes in total were cast for or against the amendment that in the governor's race.

7th Circuit: Challenge To Parsonage Allowance Dismissed For Lack of Standing

In Freedom From Religion Foundation v. Lew, (7th Cir., Nov. 13, 2014), the U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals dismissed for lack of standing an Establishment Clause challenge to the constitutionality of the federal tax code's parsonage allowance for clergy.  The co-presidents of FFRF, and organization of atheists and agnostics, received part of their salaries as a housing allowance, but they never sought to exclude the income on their federal income tax returns and did not file a claim for a tax refund. Therefore the IRS and the Tax Court never had a chance to interpret the scope of the exemption. According to the court:
A person suffers no judicially cognizable injury merely because others receive a tax benefit that is conditioned on allegedly unconstitutional criteria, even if that person is otherwise “similarly situated” to those who do receive the benefit. Only a person that has been denied such a benefit can be deemed to have suffered a cognizable injury.
Courthouse News Service reports on the decision. [Thanks to Steveh H. Sholk and To Rutledge for the lead.]

Thursday, November 13, 2014

District Court Strikes Down South Carolina Same-Sex Marriage Ban; 8-Day Stay Granted

In Condon v. Haley, (D SC, Nov. 12, 2014), a South Carolina federal district court struck down South Carolina's ban on same-sex marriage. The court held that the 4th Circuit's decision in Bostic v. Schaefer striking down a similar ban in Virginia is controlling. However the court granted a stay until Nov. 20 to allow the state to seek a stay pending appeal from the 4th Circuit. The State reports that South Carolina Attorney General Alan Wilson says he will appeal to the 4th Circuit.

Religious Conservatives Oppose Proposal To Ban Transgender Discrimination

The Miami Herald reports that yesterday a Committee of the Miami Dade County (Florida) Commission by a vote of 3-1 approved a proposed Ordinance (full text) that would ban discrimination based on gender identity or gender expression in public accommodations, employment and housing. The Committee's 4-hour public hearing on the proposal was filled with testimony from religious conservatives opposing the proposal:
Raw emotion and invocations of biblical damnation over a proposed ban on discrimination against transgender people dominated Wednesday what was perhaps the fiercest debate Miami-Dade County Hall has seen this year.
Advocates of a more inclusive society, including transgender men and women who spoke of how difficult it can be to find public acceptance, were outnumbered by conservatives who, in a show of force, assailed the legislation as immoral and a threat to public safety. Two likened South Florida to Sodom and Gomorrah.

Sikh Student Sues For Accommodation To Enlist In ROTC

The ACLU yesterday announced the filing of a lawsuit on behalf of a Sikh college student who was refused a religious accommodation to permit him to enlist in the ROTC program at Hofstra University.  The complaint (full text) in Singh v. McHugh, (D DC, Nov. 12, 2014), contends that plaintiff's rights under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act were violated:
As a practicing Sikh, Mr. Singh’s religious beliefs require him to maintain long hair and wear a turban and beard. Defendants have refused to allow Mr. Singh to enlist in ROTC unless he agrees to abandon these practices upon enrolling as a Cadet. Specifically, Defendants will not allow Mr. Singh to enlist in ROTC unless he agrees to follow all Army grooming and uniform regulations, which would require him to cut his hair, remove his turban, and shave off his beard.
Singh, who is fluent in Punjabi, Hindi, and Urdu, wants to become a military intelligence officer. The military says it will not consider Singh's request for an accommodation until he formally enlists and complies with the grooming and uniform regulations.

Wednesday, November 12, 2014

Supreme Court Lifts Stay On Same-Sex Marriages In Kansas

The U.S. Supreme Court issued an order (full text) late afternoon today vacating the temporary stay initially granted by Justice Sotomayor in Moser v. Marie.  Justices Thomas and Scalia dissented indicating they would grant the stay.  The Court's action gives effect to a preliminary injunction against Kansas' same-sex marriage ban that was issued by a federal district court last week. (See prior posting.) Washington Post reports on the Supreme Court's action. [Thanks to Tom Rutledge for the lead.]

Army Studying Religious Requirement for ROTC Prof At Christian College

Fox News reported yesterday that the U.S. Army is conducting a review of its ROTC policies after a queston was raised as to whether Wheaton College, a Christian school, can require that its lead professor of military science be of the Christian faith. The Military Religious Freedom Foundation, which complained to the Army, contends that the Army cannot impose a religious test for an assignment.

Pope Francis Creates New Judicial Body To Speed Up Sex Abuse Claims

Religion News Service and Vatican Radio report that Pope Francis has created a new 7-member judicial body within the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith to speed up the handling of complaints against priests alleging sexual abuse of minors.  The new body will deal with cases initially screened by local bishops. It will also deal with serious abuses of the Sacrament of Penance.  Complaints against bishops will continue to be handled by the full Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. The full text of the Pope's rescript which came into force yesterday is available in Italian.

Suit Challenges Ban On Prayer Group During High School Free Period

A Christian high school student filed suit last week against a Colorado Springs high school claiming that his 1st and 14th Amendment rights were infringed by a school policy that allowed students to congregate informally for a variety of activities during certain home room periods, but barred students meeting for purposes of prayer, religious songs and religious discussion.  Religious activities were allowed only before and after school.  The complaint (full text) in Windebank v. Academy School District #20, (D CO, filed 11/7/2014), seeks an injunction, attorneys' fees and nominal damages.  An ADF press release announced the filing of the lawsuit.

Tuesday, November 11, 2014

International Parliamentary Group Promoting Religious Freedom Is Formed

According to a press release from the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, on November 8 in Oslo, Norway, the International Panel of Parliamentarians for Freedom of Religion or Belief was formally launched. Thirty Parliamentarians from 18 countries signed a Charter for Freedom of Religion or Belief,

Suit Challenges Old Amendments to United Effort Plan Trust

The Salt Lake Tribune reported yesterday on a lawsuit filed in Utah state court in September, but which has so far gone largely unnoticed. Some 33 plaintiffs-- some one-time FLDS Church leaders-- are asking the court to invalidate 1998 amendments to the United Effort Plan Trust (UEP) that holds property of residents in the twin towns of Hilldale, Utah and Colorado City, Arizona.  They seek to invalidate amendments that effectively gave control of the trust to FLDS Church leader Warren Jeffs. Those amendments made FLDS membership a condition of being a trust beneficiary, and led to the eviction from their homes of non-members. Attorneys for UEP have asked the court to consolidate the case with the ongoing Probate Court proceedings which are revising the terms of the Trust.

Kansas Same-Sex Marriage Ruling Generates Flurry of Appeals

The issuance by a Kansas federal district court on Nov. 5 in Marie v. Moser of a preliminary injunction against Kansas' ban on same-sex marriages has generated a flurry of appeals. That preliminary injunction was to take effect today. (See prior posting.)

On Nov. 6, Kansas filed an emergency motion with the 10th Circuit to stay the district court's injunction to give Kansas time to seek an initial appeal to the 10th Circuit en banc.  Three-judge panels of the 10th Circuit have already ruled against same-sex marriage bans in Utah and Oklahoma. (Kansas AG's statement.)  On Nov. 7, the 10th Circuit denied the motion for a stay. Yesterday, Kansas filed a stay application (full text) with U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor, and Justice Sotomayor issued an order (full text) staying the preliminary injunction until today and ordering plaintiffs to file a response by this afternoon.

Meanwhile, in a Nov. 7 opinion (full text), the district court denied the motion by Westboro Baptist Church to intervene in the appeal so that it can raise religiously-based arguments against same-sex marriage. (See prior posting.) WBC immediately filed a Notice of Appeal with the 10th Circuit. Yesterday's Topeka Capital-Journal reports on developments.

Los Angeles Monsignor Cleared of Abuse Charges In Canon Law Trial

In a press release issued last Saturday, the Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles announced that after ten years of investigation and a Canon Law trial, Monsignor Richard Loomis has been cleared of sexual abuse charges. AP reports that Loomis has been on inactive leave since charges against him surfaced in 2003.  The attorney for the alleged victim (who long ago filed a civil suit) says that the molestation occurred between 1968 and 1971 when Loomis was a teacher at a Catholic high school and had not taken his final vows. Apparently the alleged victim was never contacted in the church investigation.

Monday, November 10, 2014

Man Charged With Criminal Mischief For Placing Protest Stickers On Courthouse Church Directory

The Athens (Ohio) News reports that a pre-trial is scheduled today on criminal mischief charges against 69-year old Eliot Kalman who plastered over a framed glass Church Directory on the Athens (Ohio) County courthouse with stickers. Kalman placed a sticker advocating church-state separation on the glass of the directory that lists some 40 local churches. He has been in communication with the county since 2011 objecting to the Directory which is maintained by the Athens County Ministerial Association. The Directory was first put up in the 1940's by the Athens Christian Education Committee. The directory includes two non-Christian religious groups.

Israeli Rabbis Debate Jewish Prayer On Temple Mount

Today's Jerusalem Post reports on the halachic (Jewish religious law) dispute between haredi and national religious rabbis in Israel over whether it is permissible for Jews to visit the Temple Mount, now the location of Muslim holy sites.  The issue has taken on new urgency since the attempted assassination last month of Rabbi Yehudah Glick, leader of the Temple Mount Heritage Foundation that promotes the right of Jews to pray on the Mount in preparation for restoring of a third Jewish Temple there. (Background). In recent weeks there have been increased clashes between Arab demonstrators and police in Jerusalem. (Background).

USCIRF Issues Report On Burma As Obama Visit Approaches

In advance of President Obama's trip to Burma (Myanmar) later this week, the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom issued a report titled Burma: Religious Freedom and Related Human Rights Violations are Hindering Broader Reforms.  In a Nov. 6 press release summarizing the Report, USCIRF said in part:
USCIRF focused on four key issues in its mission: discrimination and horrible abuses against Rohingya Muslims; broader patterns of intolerance against Muslims driven by bigotry and chauvinism among religious and political figures that also impact all other minority religious communities in Burma; laws, policies and proposed legislation that entrench multiple forms of discrimination; and deprivation of citizenship to Rohingya Muslims and prejudicial practices in the issuance of identification documents to all Muslims.

Recent Articles of Interest

From SSRN:

Fom SSRN: Law and Christianity
From SSRN: Law and the Mormon Church

Sunday, November 09, 2014

Recent Prisoner Free Exercise Cases

In Hall v. Sutton, 2014 U.S. App. LEXIS 21073 (7th Cir., Nov. 5, 2014), the 7th Circuit affirmed the district court's grant of qualified immunity in a challenge to a prison's two-meal practice during Ramadan and its delay of the Eid-ul-Fitr celebration.

In May v. Snaza, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 156088 (WD WA, Nov. 4, 2014), a Washington federal district court adopted a magistrate's recommendation (2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 156027, Oct. 8, 2014) and dismissed without prejudice a Muslim inmate's claim that his transfer to a different jail violated his free exercise rights because he was then denied Ramadan meals, Jumu'ah prayer services, and an Islamic leader and literature, and had a delay in being placed on a vegetarian diet.

In Ajala v. West, 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 156618 (WD WI, Nov. 4, 2014), a Wisconsin federal district court dismissed Muslim inmates' claims that prison authorities refused to accommodate their Ramadan fast and have a special meal for Eid al-Fitr. Plaintiffs though were permitted to file additional material on their claim that their 2012 Ramadan request was refused.